The present investigation includes two phases, first (I) a cross-sectional observational study that compares bone variables in ex artistic swimmers with sedentary controls and (II) a randomized controlled trial, pre-post intervention jump program in a group of ex artistic swimmers during the COVID-19 confinement. In an attempt to resolve these issues, ex artistic swimmers were included in a two –phases study (I) to determine the effect of being involved in elite artistic swimmers during their youth on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and body composition (BC) compared with sedentary controls and (II) to evaluate the effects of a jump program on bone mineral density and body composition in a group of ex-Artistic Swimmers. The unprecedented worldwide confinement, caused by COVID-19, in which Spain has been one of the most affected-with severe rules governing confinement may have changed physical activity and sedentary habits due to prolonged stays at home. 14 It is important to find out jump programs that can counteract the potential negative consequences of non-osteogenic sport on bone health. 13 A high-intensity, low repetition, short-lived, multidirectional jump program is also very effective in producing an osteogenic response, which can be introduced into daily life. Several research related to different sports has tested the positive effect of a plyometric jump training program on premenopausal women's bone, 12 even when osteopenia is already established. 10, 11 To the best of our knowledge, studies regarding BMD in highly trained older women athletes in aquatic sports have not been explored thorough fully before. The effect this may have on the future development of osteoporosis has not been defined. At the elite level, artistic swimmers (AS) underwent a greater amount of water training hours per week for many years: eight to ten pool sessions per week, with speed swimming and artistic swimming-specific skills. Elite water sports 9 can lead to an osteoporosis risk situation when started at earlier ages, or at any case not improving the bone consolidation for the senescence. 8 Particularly, sports involving high level impact from ground reaction forces are more osteogenic than non-weight bearing activities, like cycling and swimming. 2 Moreover, adults engaged in non-professional sports in early life have higher BMD than their inactive peers, especially women. 3–7 Adolescents engaged in sports showed lower incidence of traumatic fractures. 2 Several studies have explored the osteogenic effect of physical activity. 1 The prevention of this disease at early ages of life is a determining factor in reducing the risk of fracture in the elderly. Osteoporosis is characterized by a deterioration of bone microarchitecture, low bone mass and an increased risk of fractures affecting mainly menopausal women.
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